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Interview question · Systems, OS & Memory Safety

What are the main classes of memory-safety bugs in C and C++, and why can one turn into code execution?

Interviewers listen for precision: an overflow is an out-of-bounds write, an over-read is a different bug, and a use-after-free is about lifetime, not bounds. Getting the taxonomy right is most of the easy question.

easyEssentialNewPreparation tags: Google, Microsoft, AppleUpdated Nov 2026

Interviewers listen for precision: an overflow is an out-of-bounds write, an over-read is a different bug, and a use-after-free is about lifetime, not bounds. Getting the taxonomy right is most of the easy question.

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  1. 01 State the assumptions your answer depends on.
  2. 02 Explain the mechanism and choose a control.
  3. 03 Name a condition that would change your decision.

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What if · the follow-ups in this answer

The answer works through 6 follow-ups like an interviewer would

A fuzzer finds a crash in a C image decoder used by your upload service.

  1. What are spatial memory bugs?
  2. What are temporal memory bugs?
  3. How do you classify this crash?
  4. Why does an image decoder crash matter so much?
  5. How do you reduce exposure while fixing?
  6. How would you handle the crash?

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